Underrepresentation of Female Drivers in Elite Single-Seater Motorsport: A Narrative Review

Samuel Stallard; Kendra McCoy; Diogo V. Martinho; Hugo Sarmento; Nuno André Nunes

doi:10.2478/rpesh-2026-0007

Authors

Samuel Stallard Southampton Solent University https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7217-5658
Kendra McCoy Southampton Solent University https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5169-7655
Diogo V. Martinho 2University of Coimbra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0825-4032
Hugo Sarmento 2University of Coimbra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-0642
Nuno André Nunes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2321-4998

https://doi.org/10.2478/rpesh-2026-0007

Keywords:

Gender, Gender Inequality, Motorsport, Formula 1, SingleSeater Racing, Structural Barriers, Sociocultural Factors, Institutional Dynamics

Abstract

This study examines the underrepresentation of female drivers in elite single-seater motorsport through a theory informed narrative review. Despite formal equality of participation, women remain significantly underrepresented at the highest levels of competition. The review synthesises interdisciplinary literature to explore how structural, sociocultural, and institutional factors shape access, progression, and experiences within the sport. A narrative review methodology was employed, where relevant literature was identified through academic databases and analysed thematically within an interpretivist framework. The findings indicate that underrepresentation emerges from the interaction of multiple barriers rather than a single cause. Sociocultural norms associated with hegemonic masculinity shape perceptions of legitimacy and competence, reinforcing the positioning of male drivers as the normative standard. Structural constraints, including high financial costs, unequal access to sponsorship, and limited development pathways, contribute to a “leaky pipeline” that restricts progression to elite levels. Institutional practices and fragmented governance further sustain these inequalities. While recent initiatives have improved visibility and early-stage access, their impact remains limited, often reflecting symbolic inclusion rather than structural change. The study concludes that meaningful progress requires systemic transformation across the cultural, economic, and organisational foundations of motorsport.

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